medical_animation HD

This animation explains how signal transduction pathways are used by cells to convert chemical messages to cellular action. The animation starts with the travel of Epinephrine messenger molecule within the arteries of liver lobule. The Epinephrine (adrenaline) then passes into the capillary and then finally diffusing onto the outside of the hepotocyte cell membrane. Epinephrine protein will ulitmately docks onto G-Protein receptor protein. The receptor protein switches to active state by changing its shape. The G-protein underneith the hepotocyte cell membrane will attach itself to the G-Protein receptor and thereby dislodging GDP (guanosine diphosphate) for GTP (guanosine triphosphate) to hydrolyze. GTP then separates out from G-Protein complex and drifts into larger inner cellular system looking for Adenylyl Cyclase in inactive state. GTP turns the Adenylyl Cylase into active state , thus taking in ATP molecules and converting them into cAMP and energy. Once energy is released GTP dislodges itself from Adenylyl and switches it back to inactive state thus stopping any further release of energy. GTP returns to G-Protein and in the process deactivates the receptor protein releasing Epinephrine back into the blood stream.